We also see damage in the form of:
In civil engineering, carbonation occurs naturally in concrete. During the hardening of the concrete, calcium hydroxide (from cement) is formed, which reacts with atmospheric carbon dioxide. Calcium hydroxide creates the alkaline environment in the concrete, thus protecting the reinforcement.
The carbonation reaction eventually causes the pH value to drop below 8 to 9, which makes corrosion of the reinforcement (concrete rot) possible.
Carbonation occurs over the entire concrete surface, so if damage occurs, we can assume that the process manifests itself over the entire surface.
Chloride can occur in concrete as a result of:
When the chloride content is above the critical limit (>0.4 mass% based on the cement weight), there is a risk of chloride-initiated reinforcement corrosion.
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